BuddhismThe teachings of Gautama the Buddha. Buddhism today is divid… More, a major world religion and philosophy said to have developed from the teachings of Shakyamuni (“Sage(women) medicago sativa Alfalfa infusions provide high-quali… More of the Shakya Clan”), a teacher who lived in northern India around the mid-6th century BC. Spreading from India to Asia, and more recently the West, BuddhismThe teachings of Gautama the Buddha. Buddhism today is divid… More has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of the “New Age”.
In the period of the 4th through the 6th centuries BC, there was a major social and religious revolution happening, arising from discontent with the sacrificial practices of Brahmanism and the caste social system of The Vedas. New philosophies and a more personal and spiritual system arose, creating the Upanishads and other revolutionary texts and beliefs, such as “the eightfold path”, and renunciation.
At that time, there was much unrest and criticism about Hinduism, which said the Vedas were directly communicated from the Universe and could not be questioned. They were written in Sanskrit, a sacred language which means “entirely (samyak) done (krit)”. The name means perfectly done in terms of communication, but the layperson couldn’t read and write it. Interpreted by the Priests, the scriptures taught that the people were to accept their plot in life no matter the difficulty or poverty they accrued – while the priests lived lavishly on the offerings made to the temple.
Hinduism taught that there was one supreme being, BrahmanSanskrit T is derived from the root bṛh meaning ‘to expa… More who not only created the Universe, but was the Universe. BrahmanSanskrit T is derived from the root bṛh meaning ‘to expa… More established the Divine order and maintained it, and directly channeled the Vedas to humanity so that they may understand wholly the Divine order and participate in it.
Buddhists tenets are similar to the early gnostics, believing that human life is a cycle of rebirth, suffering and death (samsara) that can only be broken by balancing their karma and dharmaDharma is the path of righteousness and living one’s life ac… More and ultimately achieving a state of enlightenment and union with the Oversoul (atman). It is said in legends that the first person to achieve this state was Siddhartha Gautama, known as “Buddha”.
Legend of the Buddha
Born around 490 BC, Siddhartha Gautama (Shakyamuni) was born in a royal family, sheltered from the world and protected from the state of the world. According to legend, his mother Maha Maya had a dream that a white elephant with six tusks entered her right side, meaning she would give birth to a world ruler or a buddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More.
After 10 lunar months, (280 days, the length of a pregnancy) she went to the Lumbini grove on the outskirts of Kapilavastu, anticipating the birth. Standing upright and holding onto a branch of a Sal tree, the tree bent toward her and offered her a pain-free birth. The BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More came forth from under her right arm, avoiding the “pollution” of the birth canal. Being born walking and talking, BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More decreed, “I am the King of the World. His mother died and was reborn seven (7) days later.
Suddhodhana, according to legend, invited a group of Brahmins to a feast at the palace so they could tell the future of the newborn baby. Eight of the priests predicted that Siddhartha would either become a powerful ruler of all the land or a great spiritual teacher. They warned the father that if the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More ever left the palace and saw the reality of the world he might have an existential crisis and turn toward a spiritual life. If he stayed within the palace walls, he would become a great ruler. One brahmin, Kondanna predicted that the baby BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More would become an enlightened one and foretold of four signs that would influence the boy to leave his home and pursue his philisophical quest.
Suddhodhana wished for his son to be a mighty ruler and sheltered the boy from the World and showered him with a very lavish life to protect him from the brutal path of enlightenment. Essentially being held captive, he was surrounded by beautiful things and guards to keep him from leaving and seeing anything distressing. Having everything he could ever wish for, his future as the most powerful ruler seemed secured.
When the boy was eight (8) years old, he sat under a rose apple tree and watched as the farmers plowed for a new season of crop. Noticing that the plow upset the earth and harmed the insects, Siddhartha became very distraught as though he was being harmed himself. Suddenly, a wave of joy rose up in him as he sat in the shade of the tree on that beautiful day and the love and compassion for the insects gave him a moment of meditative bliss. The legend says as the sun set, all of the shadows moved but the one of the tree, which continued to shield the young BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More.
Since his mother had passed, he was raised by his aunt Prajapati, who later would establish the first order of nuns in Buddhist practice. He married the princess Yashodhara, his cousin, at 16. She was renowned as the most beautiful girl in the land and was impressed by his feat of piercing seven trees with one arrow, according to the legend.
The Four Sights
Siddhartha begged his father to go outside of the city walls. Suddhodhana hated to disappoint his son, so he tried to convince him that life outside the palace was exactly the same as the perfect life he lived inside the gates. When he wandered outside, he saw wealth, health, and happiness everywhere he went. While sitting in his royal chariot, an old decrepit man crossed his path. The man was decrepit and withering away it seemed, as he leaned upon his walking staff. “What is this?” Siddhartha asked his driver. Chandaka explained, “that is an old man, Sir. Everyone will get old and look like this one day.” Horrified, Siddhartha contemplated how he could enjoy his life knowing such suffering awaited him.
On his second trip outside the lavish palace walls, they encountered a sickly man oozing with sores. Chandaka had to explain to the Prince that sickness and pain befalls everyone. At home, the King continued to shower the Prince with luxury and dozens of beautiful dancing girls, hoping to distract him from the newfound insights on the plights of the world outside the city’s walls. A third trip, he witnessed a funeral procession with grieving people and a corpse, leading to Chandaka’s explanation of mortality and grief, which was inevitable for all people.
Siddhartha was overwhelmed with these sights and the suffering he had witnessed – how had he not discovered these things in life? Sickness, old age, death? What are these things that torture us? And finally, his fourth excursion to the outside world led to the discovery of a yogi draped in yellow linen, a shaven head, and an empty bowl. Chandaka explained to the boy that this man was an ascetic, who had renounced all worldy things and attained peace by doing so.
Reflecting upon these things, Siddhartha discovered that everything and everyone he had loved – all of his jewels and clothes, his horses, would one day be taken from him because he would one day become old, sick, and ultimately die. He was shocked by these revelations of doom but noticed the ascetic seemed so at peace. Upon inquest, the yogi revealed to Siddhartha a great boon – he was pursuing the path of spiritual reflection and detachment, understanding that the material world and its vestiges were both an illusion. With this understanding, he had given all of his trappings and creature comforts away and thus was liberated from their golden handcuffs.
The Buddha’s Departure
Now 28 and a father of a son, and realizing that both his father and wife would both try to sway him from this novel path and realizing this newly discovered path would be filled with great suffering and loss he was unable to sleep. He reflected on his life. As he walked through the harem, he saw the once beautiful dancing girls now sleeping off their drunkeness.
Some snored, some drooled, some lay open mouthed. Others talked in their sleep, passed gasAngelica archangelica • expectorant
• muscle relaxan… More, or grinded their teeth. Their beauty now dispelled by the reality of the situation was a harsh realization for the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More. It was like being in a morgue. The once disciplined, enchanting dancers now resembled corpses, with the foul smells and noises to boot. He decided to secret away in silence. The gods aided him on his journey, sending the now doubled amount of guards into deep sleep. Siddharta roused his charioteer Chandaka and his favorite horse Kantaka and left the palace, with the gods lifting the hooves as to not disturb the marble terrace with their clanking.
He traveled to the river Anomiya with his charioteer Chandaka and horse Kaṇṭhaka, and cut off his long, scented hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into monk’s robes. The horse and charioteer were dismissed, after many pleadings by Chandaka to join him on his quest. Some legends say that the horse was so grieved that he died, leaving the saddened driver doubly distraught at his loss.
Reaching a monastery, he changed his name to Gautama and practiced monkhood for six (6) years. He attempted to conquer his mortal desires: food, sex, and comfort by fasting and practicing yoga. Gautama found after a while that the monks were not able to satisfy his urgent spiritual needs, so he became a wandering beggar.
He began to practice terrible self-torture, hoping to gain merit thereby. Five young men were so taken with Siddhartha’s efforts that they joined him as ascetic disciples. They sat at his feet and watched him devoutly as he attempted to discard his own body. Some records reflect that he had fasted for so long that he boasted about being able to feel his spine by pressing his finger into his belly. Almost at death, he accepted a bowl of rice from a young girl. Once he had eaten he realized that physical austerities were not the means to spiritual realization.
The Attack of Mara
Gautama then traveled to Bodhgaya where he sat under a pipal tree in meditation for 49 days. The meditation grew into a profound experience. The demon Mara tried to distract Gautama by sending his seductive daughters to distract him with their seductive movements, but they had no effect on the young prince. Mara then sent squads of disgusting and deformed spirits who hurled themselves on him as he sat but failed to move him or to interrupt his meditations. Finally Mara tried his ultimate weapon, a fiery disc capable of splitting mountains; but the sharp missile turned into a garland of flowers and hovered reverently over Gautama’s head like a halo.
Mara fled, in fury. The prince remained steadfast and the next morning he achieved blissful enlightenment. He saw clear to the root-causes of suffering, and knew how it was to be avoided, namely by reaching a state of non-desire. In the weeks of meditation which followed, Gautama realized that he could either enter Nirvana or stay on earth to help his fellow men, renouncing for a time his absorption into ecstatic awareness. Mara wanted him to leave earth but Brahma implored him to stay.
Now a BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More, he continued to sit in meditation under the tree for some weeks. During the fifth or sixth week, he was barraged with heavy rain fall, but was in such a state of bliss went on unperturbed. BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More was protected by the Serpent King Muchilinda, who coiled around BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More seven (7) times and then opened his hood over him like an umbrella.
The Sermon in the Deer Park
Seven (7) weeks after his enlightenment, he departed from the tree and began to teach his method of teaching in the Deer Park, “The Middle Way”, which is said to facilitate enlightenment by avoiding the extremes of sense gratification on one hand and ascetism on the other.
The basic elements of the Eightfold Noble Path are:
- (1) correct view, an accurate understanding of the nature of things, specifically the Four Noble Truths
- (2) correct intention, avoiding thoughts of attachment, hatred, and harmful intent
- (3) correct speech, refraining from verbal misdeeds such as lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, and senseless speech
- (4) correct action, refraining from physical misdeeds such as killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct
- (5) correct livelihood, avoiding trades that directly or indirectly harm others, such as selling slaves, weapons, animals for slaughter, intoxicants, or poisons
- (6) correct effort, abandoning negative states of mind that have already arisen, preventing negative states that have yet to arise, and sustaining positive states that have already arisen
- (7) correct mindfulness, awareness of body, feelings, thought, and phenomena (the constituents of the existing world)
- (8) correct concentrationBacopa monniera • analgesic
• sedative
• nerve… More, single-mindedness.
He soon had many followers and spent the next forty five (45) years delivering his sermons and performing miracles and is said to have died at 80 years old.
The Miracle at Kapilavastu
According to Buddhist texts, when the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More returned to his home kingdom of Kapilavastu following his enlightenment, his fellow tribesman refused to bow to him because he was a junior member of the tribe.] In order to ensure that they paid him proper respect as an enlightened one, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More levitates and emits fire from his head and water from his feet, and alternates their positions. This results in the Buddha’s father, Suddhodana, bowing to him in respect, with the rest of the Shakya Tribe following suit. BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More returns to the ground and sits down and it suddenly starts raining, with the rain only falling on people who wanted to get wet, and no rain falling on those who wanted to remain dry. Following this event, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More tells the Vessantara Jātaka
The Miracle at Savatthi
According to the Pali version of the story, in the Buddha’s time, a wealthy treasurer suspended a sandalwood bowl in the air with a cord, hoping to find an enlightened being who can fly up and take it. For six days, teachers from six other religious sects attempted to trick the treasurer into giving them the bowl, but failed. On the seventh day, news of this reached one of the Buddha’s disciples, Pindola Bharadvaja, who then proceeded to fly up and take the bowl, thus converting the treasurer to BuddhismThe teachings of Gautama the Buddha. Buddhism today is divid… More. While on his way back to the monastery, he was asked by people who missed the miracle to perform it again, which he did.
When the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More hears about this, he reprimands Pindola for doing this, and lays down a rule forbidding monks from using supranormal powers for such purposes. Hearing that the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More laid down a rule forbidding his monks from showing off miracles, six jealous teachers from rival religious sects try to win back followers by publicly challenging the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More to a miracle tournament, thinking he would refuse to perform one.
In the Sanskrit account of the event, the sandalwood bowl story is absent and the six jealous teachers, confident in their own supranormal powers, challenge the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More to a miracle contest on their own accord in hopes of regaining followers.
The Miracle Tournament
According to the Pali account of the story, the six rival teachers go to King Bimbisara of Magadha to sponsor the contest. To the rival teachers’ surprise, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More accepts the challenge, stating that the rule forbidding miracles applied to his monks but not to him, in the same way that subjects are forbidden from picking from the royal orchard, but not the king himself.
In the Sanskrit version of the story, the rival teachers go first to King Bimbasara to host the contest but are turned down, and then go to King Pasenadi of Kosala who agrees to host the tournament if the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More agrees. In this version, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More advises his followers against doing such miracles, but states he will do this miracle because all Buddhas are supposed to perform the twin miracle.
The BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More declares that he will perform the miracle at the foot of a mango tree in Savatthi on the full moon day of Asalha Puja in four months time. According to the Pali version of the story; the rival teachers, desperate to avoid the contest, uproot all of the mango trees in the area prior to the miracle tournament. On the day of the tournament, a royal gardener finds a mango on the floor that he prepares to give to the king, but upon seeing the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More walk by, he gives it to the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More instead. When the time of the miracle contest approaches, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More eats the mango and plants the seed in front of the city gate, after washing his hands over the area, a full mango tree immediately grows.
The BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More starts by creating a jeweled walkway in midair and prepares to perform the miracle for the crowd of observers, but is interrupted by several of his disciples, who ask to perform a miracle in his place to save him the trouble. The disciples each propose a different miracle for them to perform in the Buddha’s place but he refuses each request. Finally Maha Moggallana, the Buddha’s chief disciple foremost in psychic powers, offers to perform a miracle in his place but the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More still refuses. He then states that he must perform the miracle himself, as it is one of the duties of a Buddha. Standing on top of the jeweled walkway, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More enters a meditative state and emits fire from the top half of his body and streams of water from the lower half and then starts alternating the fire and water between the positions, creating an array of six colors.
The fire and water then shoot up to illuminate the cosmosWhenever a theosophist speaks of the cosmos or the universe,… More to the applause of the audience while the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More teaches the Dhamma to the observers as he walks along on the jeweled walkway. The Sanskrit version also includes the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More creating several duplicates of himself that fill the air during the miracle, with some walking, lying down, and sitting.
At the conclusion of the miracle, it is the rival religious leaders’ turn to perform a miracle but they are unable to move. A strong wind knocks down the pavilion they prepared for the tournament and the rival teachers flee, with one committing suicide. The BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More continues the miracle and proceeds to create a single duplicate of himself and then have the duplicate ask him questions which he would in turn answer in order to teach the observing audience.
Following the miracle, the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More is said to have ascended to Tavatimsa Heaven for three months to spend his rains-retreat and teach his deceased mother Maha Maya the Abhidhamma, in accordance with what all Buddhas are believed to have done after performing the miracle.
Taming the Mad Elephant
Buddha’s cousin, Devadatta, was extremely jealous of him. Devadatta felt that he was as good as BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More should have been honoured the way people honoured the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More.
One day he devised a plot to kill BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More. He knew that day BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More was going to pass through town. Before BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More came into the town, Devadatta brought the elephant to town, hiding it behind a wall. He intoxicated the elephant with liquor with the intent to make the drunken elephant trample BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More to death.
When he saw from a distance that the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More was coming, he beat the elephant with sticks. The drunken elephant was enraged by the pain. Once the elephant saw red, Devadatta released the elephant in the Buddha’s direction.
Overwhelmed with angerA major affliction, one of the three poisons in Buddhism…. More and pain, the elephant was now blind with rage and rand at full speed towards BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More. It flared its ears, and waived its tail and trunk, and bellowed loudly. All the disciples with BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More were terrified by this and scrambled out of harm’s way. Only AnandaAnanda was a cousin of the Buddha. One of the ten great disc… More, Buddha’s attendant, stood firm beside the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More.
BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More remained totally at ease, looking at the elephant feeling love and compassion for the poor creature. He radiated his love and kindness towards the elephant. Buddha’s love and compassion was so strong and powerful that the elephant could feel it. Just a few steps before it was about to charge into the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More, it stopped in its path and calmed down. The bull trotted towards BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More and bowed its head in deep reverence. BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More stroked the elephant’s trunk and comforted it with soft & kind words. The elephant was totally tamed by this.
The Gift of the Monkey
Buddha retreated to the wilderness of Parileyya forest to bring peace between two quarrelling factions of disciples. According to legend, a monkey and an elephant brought him alms and fruit during this time, the elephant bringing fruit and the monkey bringing a honeycomb. BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More denied the monkey, until he removed the flies and debris. The monkey was so excited when the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More accepted his gift that he began leaping from tree to tree and had a great fall. As a result of his generosity, he was immediately reborn in Tavatimsa.
The Bhikkhus of Kosambi ended the disunity in their ranks and went to the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More in the forest to take a vow of unity and cooperation. In his sermon, BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More pointed to the elephant and said, “This elephant lives alone in the forest in the absence of a proper partner. If you do not get associates with wisdom and high thoughts, it is better to live alone in this world, for foolish associates will only increase your suffering.”
After the monsoon rains retreated the monks who had split into two groups agreed to make up their differences, due to the local lay people not making any offerings to them. The monks sent a representative to see the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More and invite him to go back to the city. The elephant palilayaka was heartbroken to see the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More go, and followed him out of the forest, and even made as if he would follow the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More into the city. The BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More turned to him and said, “Palilayaka. This is the limits of your territory. From here on is the territory of man, which are a great danger to animals such as you. You cannot come with me! Palilayaka the elephant stood and roared in grief, but did not dare follow the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More. As soon as the BuddhaSanskrit बुद्ध past tense from the root budh, mean… More was out of sight, his heart broke and he died right there. The texts state that the elephant and the monkey, after dying at that time, were reborn as devas in the Tavatimsa heaven.
Traditional accounts relate that he died at the age of eighty (2015.500.4.1) in Kushinagara, after ingesting a tainted piece of either mushroom or pork. His body was cremated and the remains distributed among groups of his followers. These holy relics were enshrined in large hemispherical burial mounds, a number of which became important pilgrimage sites.
In India, by the Pala period (ca. 700–1200), the Buddha’s life was codified into a series of “Eight Great Events” (1982.233). These eight events are, in order of their occurrence in the Buddha’s life: his birth, his defeat over Mara and consequent enlightenment, his first sermon at Sarnath, the miracles he performed at Shravast, his descent from the Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods, his taming of a wild elephant, the monkey’s gift of honey, and his death.
There are also many legends of he and his wife being together in their past lives together, as told in the Jakata
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Links
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html
http://members.tripod.com/~srinivasp/mythology/jataka.html
http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php3?author=babbitt&book=morejataka&story=_contents
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kawasaki/bl135.html
http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/jt/index.htm
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/wen.htm
http://www.ignca.nic.in/jatak038.htm